Freight Shipping Terms & Definitions

Understanding freight terminology helps you communicate effectively and make informed shipping decisions. This glossary covers common terms used in domestic and cross-border freight shipping.

Common Freight Terms

BOL (Bill of Lading): Legal document serving as receipt, contract, and title for freight. Required for all shipments. POD (Proof of Delivery): Documentation confirming freight was delivered, including date, time, and recipient signature. FTL (Full Truckload): Shipping mode using an entire trailer for one shipper's freight. LTL (Less Than Truckload): Shipping mode where multiple shippers share trailer space. Freight Class: LTL classification system (50-500) based on density, handling, and liability. Dimensional Weight: Pricing method considering size in addition to actual weight. Accessorial: Additional service beyond basic pickup and delivery (liftgate, inside delivery, etc.).

Equipment Types

Dry Van: Standard enclosed 53' trailer for general freight. Reefer: Refrigerated trailer for temperature-controlled freight. Flatbed: Open trailer for oversized or irregularly shaped freight. Step Deck: Flatbed with lower deck for taller freight. Lowboy: Very low profile trailer for extremely tall or heavy freight. Straight Truck: Smaller truck with attached cargo box (not a trailer).

Service Types

Expedited: Fast service with specific delivery timeframe, often team drivers. Dedicated: Exclusive use of truck and driver for specific customer. Hotshot: Same-day or urgent delivery service. Intermodal: Freight using multiple transportation modes (truck, rail, ship). Drayage: Short-distance freight movement, typically to/from ports. White Glove: Premium service with extra care, inside delivery, and setup.

Customs & Cross-Border

Commercial Invoice: Document detailing goods, values, and origin for customs. Certificate of Origin: Document certifying where goods were manufactured. Customs Broker: Licensed professional who handles customs clearance. Duties: Taxes on imported goods based on tariff classification. USMCA: Trade agreement providing duty-free treatment for qualifying North American goods. FAST: Expedited border crossing program for pre-approved participants.

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